Further Reading and Citations

Andres SE, Atkinson J, Coleman D, Brazill-Boast J, Wright IJ, Allen S, Gallagher RV (2024) Constraints of commercially available seed diversity in restoration: Implications for plant functional diversity Plants, people planet, 6:6, 1341-1357. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.10523

Booth TH, Williams KJ and Belbin L (2012) Developing biodiverse plantings suitable for changing climatic conditions 2: Using the Atlas of Living Australia. Ecological Management & Restoration 13:3, 274- 281. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/emr.12000

Breed MF, Stead MG, Otewell KM, Gardner M.G. and Lowe A.J. (2013) Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment. Conserv. Genet. 14, 1-10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236888102_Breed_MF_Stead_MG_Ottewell_KM_Gardner_MG_Lowe_AJ_Which_provenance_and_where_Seed_sourcing_strategies_for_revegetation_in_a_changing_environment_Conserv_Genet_14_1-10

Broadhurst L.M., Lowe A.J., Coates D.J., Cunningham S.A, McDonald M., Vesk P.A. and Yates C.J., (2008) Seed supply for broadscale restoration: maximizing evolutionary potential. Evol. Appl. 1, 587-597. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2008.00045.x

Chazdon RL, Falk DA, Banin LF, Wagner M, Wilson SJ, Grabowski RC, Suding KN (202l) The intervention continuum in restoration ecology: rethinking the active-passive dichotomy. Restoration Ecology 32:el3535. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.l3535

Clewell AF and Aronson J (2013) Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession. Second edition. Island Press, Washington D.C.

Commonwealth of Australia (2024) Australia’s Strategy for Nature – Australia’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.dcceew.gov.au/environment/biodiversity/conservation/publications/australias-strategy-for-nature

Commonwealth of Australia (2025) First Nations Engagement – the principles of Free, Prior and Informed Consent. Better practice engagement with First Nations communities and people.

Department of Climate Change Energy, Environment and Water, Canberra. https://www.dcceew.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/free-prior-informed-consent-guidelines.pdf

Conservation Measures Partnership (2025) Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 5.0. https://www.conservationstandards.org/download-cs/

Fahey PS, Bragg JG, Dimon RJ, McMaster E, O’Hare JA, Hogbin PM, van der Merwe MM, Rossetto M (2025) Defining species-specific seed sourcing strategies for restoration: an example of how to usegenetic data to inform seed collections for multiple co-occurring species. Restoration Ecology 33:e70063. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.70063

FAO, SCBD & SER (2024) Delivering restoration outcomes for biodiversity and human well-being –Resource guide to Target 2 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Rome, Montreal, Canada and Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/d6aef27a-d150-48df-ae48-

Florabank (2021) Florabank guidelines: Best practice for native seed collection and use in Australia. https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/services-native-seed/florabank/

Gann GD, McDonald T, Walder B, Aronson J, Nelson CR, Hallett JG, Guariguata MR, Gonzales EK, Hua F, Echeverria C, Eisenberg C, Liu J, Decleer K, Barr ZE, Bartholomew DC, Best M, Chazdon R, CliquetA, Cortina-Segarra J, Kalirai H, MacCallum K, Mosyaftiani A, Pedrini S, Young R, and Dixon KW (2026) International principles and standards for the practice of ecological restoration. Third edition. Restoration Ecology DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.70441

Gillies CL, Crawford C and Hancock B (2017) Restoring Angasi oyster reefs: What is the endpoint ecosystem we are aiming for and how do we get there? Ecological Management & Restoration, 18, 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12278

Hancock N, Gibson-Roy P, Driver M and Broadhurst L (2020) The Australian Native Seed Sector Survey Report. Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra. https://www.anpc.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ANPC_NativeSeedSurveyReport_WEB.pdf

Harrison PA, Breed MF, Broadhurst L, Byrne M, Commander L, Coates D, Krauss S, van der Merwe M, Millar M, Rossetto M (2021) Florabank Guidelines Module 5 – Seed Sourcing. In ‘Florabank Guidelines (2nd edn).’ (Ed. LE Commander) (Florabank Consortium: Australia). .https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/services-native-seed/florabank/

Hobbs RJ and Harris JA (2001) Restoration Ecology: Repairing the Earth’s Ecosystems in the New Millennium. Restoration Ecology. 9:2, 239–246. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1526-100x.2001.009002239.x

Hopper SD (2009) OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil 322:49-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225124468

IUCN/SSC (2013) Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland, Switzerland. https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/2013-009.pdf

Keenleyside K, Dudley N, Cairns S, Hall C and Stolton S (2012) for IUCN. Ecological Restoration for Protected Areas: Principles, Guidelines and Best Practices. http://www.iucn.org/content/ecological-restoration-protected-areas/

McDonald T, Jonson J and Dixon KW (Eds) (2016) National Standards for the Practice of Ecological Restoration in Australia. Restoration Ecology S1, 1-34. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.12359/full/

McDonald T, Chazdon R, Prach K, Tucker N, Venkataraman R, Graham L Rinaudo T, Shono K, Polster D and Cook D (2023) Using degree of natural regeneration potential to guide selection of plant community restoration approaches at a restoration site. In Singarayer F, Gibson-Roy P, Broadhurst L and Dixon K (Eds) Ecological Restoration: Moving forward using lessons learned. Springer, pp 241-285

McGowan PJK, Traylor-Holzer K, and Leus K. (2016) IUCN Guidelines for Determining When and HowEx Situ Management Should Be Used in Species Conservation. Conservation Letters, May 2017, 10(3),361–36. https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/conl.12285

Nelson CR, Hallett JG, Romero Montoya AE, Andrade A, Besacier C, Boerger V, et al. (2024) Standards ofpractice to guide ecosystem restoration – a contribution to the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration 202l- 2030. FAO, Rome, Italy; SER, Washington, D.C., IUCN CEM, Gland, Switzerland. https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cc9106en

Offord C.A. and Meagher P.F. (2009), Plant germplasm conservation in Australia. Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra

Pedrini S, Dixon KW (2020) International principles and standards for native seeds in ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology 28:S286-S3O3. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13155

Prober SM, Byrne M, McLean EH, Steane DA, Potts BM, Vaillancourt RE and Stock WD (2015) Climate-adjusted provenancing: a strategy for climate-resilient ecological restoration. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 3, Article 65. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fevo.2015.00065/full

Prober SM, Luxton SJ, Williams KJ, Murphy HT, Richards AE (2026) The Climate Change Directory for Australia’s Nature Repair Market. CSIRO, in partnership with the Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Australia.

RIAWA (2015) Seed Accreditation Project Australian Seeds—standards for seed harvest, processing and storage. Revegetation Industry Association of Western Australia, Perth. https://www.riawa.com.au/assets/documents/RIAWA-Seed-Standards-V2-250529.pdf

Society for Ecological Restoration International Science & Policy Working Group (2004) The SER International Primer on Ecological Restoration. http://www.ser.org/ & Tucson: Society for Ecological Restoration. https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.ser.org/resource/resmgr/custompages/publications/ser_publications/ser_primer.pdf

Terkes S, Orchard S, Malcolm L, Cochrane P, Fitzsimons J, Glamore W, Hunter B, Maron M, McDonald T, Nicholson E, Pryde E, Ritchie E, Watson, J. & Maitz N. (2025) The Road to Restoration: Restoring Australia’s Degraded Ecosystems. Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney. https://www.aciucn.org.au/_files/ugd/f443f7s0565dc.pdf

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) (202l) Becoming #Generation Restoration: ecosystem restoration for people, nature and climate. UNEP, Nairobi, Kenya. https://www.aciucn.org.au/_files/ugd/f443f7s0565dc.pdf

Whisenant S.G. (1999) Repairing Damaged Wildlands: A process-oriented, landscape-scale approach. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Young RE, Gann G.., Walder B, Liu J, Cui W, Newton V, Nelson CR, Tashe N, Jasper D, Silveira FA, Carrick PJ, Hägglund T, Carlsén S. and Dixon K (2022), International principles and standards for the ecological restoration and recovery of mine sites. Restor Ecol, 30: e13771. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13771

Bibliography – expanded reading list


Andres SE, Atkinson J, Coleman D, Brazill-Boast J, Wright IJ, Allen S, Gallagher RV (2024) Constraints of commercially available seed diversity in restoration: Implications for plant functional diversity Plants, people planet, 6:6, 1341-1357. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ppp3.10523

Bell-James, J., McCormack, P., Wawryk, A. & Shumway, N. (2024) Identifying and overcoming barriers to marine and coastal habitat restoration and nature-based solutions in Australia – Legislative permitting processes for restoration. Report to the National Environmental Science Program. University of Tasmania. https://www.nespmarinecoastal.edu.au/publication/identifying-and-overcoming-barriers-to-marine-and-coastal-habitat-restoration-and-nature-based-solutions-in-australia-legislative-permitting-processes-for-restoration

Bishop H and Young R (2025) Restoration standards for the Western Australian Wheatbelt. The Western Australian Biodiversity Science Institute. https://wabsi.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Wheatbelt-Restoration-Standards-WABSI.pdf

Breed MF, Stead MG, Ottewell KM, Gardner MG, Lowe AJ (20l3) Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment. Conservation Genetics, l4:l-l0. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236888102

Brodie JF, Gonzalez A, Mohd-Azlan J, Nelson CR, Tabor G, Vasudev D, Zeller KA, Fletcher JRH(2025) A well-connected earth: the science and conservation of organismal movement. Science, 388:eadn2225. https://doi.org/lO.ll26/science.adn2225

Chazdon RL, Falk DA, Banin LF, Wagner M, Wilson SJ, Grabowski RC, Suding KN (202l) The interventioncontinuum in restoration ecology: rethinking the active-passive dichotomy. Restoration Ecology, 32:el3535. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354056478

Chazdon RL, Bliithgen N, Brancalion PH, Heinrich VH, Bongers F (2025) Drivers and benefits of natural regeneration in tropical forests. Nature Reviews Biodiversity, l:298-3l4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391013118

Chenoweth EPLA and Bushland Restoration Services (2012) South East Queensland Ecological Restoration Framework. Prepared on behalf of SEQ Catchments and South East Queensland Local Governments, Brisbane. https://hlw.org.au/region/plans/ecological-restoration-framework

Clewell AF, Aronson J (2013) Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession. 2nd ed. Island Press, Washington, D.C.

Conservation Measures Partnership (2025) Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, Version 5.0. https://www.conservationstandards.org/download-cs/

Dobrowski SZ, Littlefield CE, Lyons DS, Hollenberg C, Carroll C, Parks SA, Abatzoglou JT, Hegewisch K, Gage J (202l) Protected-area targets could be undermined by climate change-driven shifts in ecoregions and biomes. Communications. Earth & Environment, 2:l98. https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00270-z

FAO, SCBD & SER (2024) Delivering restoration outcomes for biodiversity and human well-being – Resource guide to Target 2 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. Rome, Montreal, Canada and Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/d6aef27a-d150-48df-ae48-ab8178e2e498

Florabank (2021) Florabank guidelines: Best practice for native seed collection and use in Australia. https://www.greeningaustralia.org.au/services-native-seed/florabank/

Frankham R (2022) Evaluation of proposed genetic goals and targets for the convention on biological diversity. Conservation Genetics, 23:865. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-022-01459-1

Frankham R, Ballou JD, Eldridge MDB, Lacy RC, Ralls K, Dudash MR, Fenster CB (20ll) Predicting the probability of outbreeding depression. Conservation Biology, 25:465-475. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51045038

Gibson-Roy P, Hancock N, Broadhurst L, Driver M (202l) Australian native seed sector practice and behavior could limit ecological restoration success: further insights from the Australian native seed report. Restoration Ecology, 29:el3429. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351940084

Gillies, CL, Crawford C and Hancock B (2017) Restoring Angasi oyster reefs: What is the endpoint ecosystem we are aiming for and how do we get there? Ecological Management & Restoration, 18, 214–222. https://doi.org/10.1111/emr.12278

Green DG, Sadedin S (2005) Interactions matter—complexity in landscapes and ecosystems.Ecological Complexity, 2:ll7-l30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j

Guevara-Torres DR, (2020) The effects of soil microbial community and topsoil removal on grassland restoration techniques in South Australian Mediterranean-type climate region. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Adelaide. https://aff.org.au/wp-content/uploads/FF_report_Guevara_D.pdf

Gutierrez V, Palmegiani I, Long I, Bakhtary H, Ferwerda W, Bradby K, et al. (2025) Advancing landscape and seascape restoration: the case for policy coherence and good practice sharing. Policy brief.

Commonland and Climate Focus. https://climatefocus.com/publications/policy-coherence-for-effective-restoration/

Hancock N, Gibson-Roy P, Driver M and Broadhurst L (2020) The Australian Native Seed Sector Survey Report. Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra. https://www.anpc.asn.au/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/ANPC_NativeSeedSurveyReport_WEB.pdf

Hodgson RJ, Cando-Dumancela C, Davies T, Drysdale V, Fickling N, Liddicoat C, Peddle S, Ramesh SA, Spoor D, Taylor A, Breed MF (2025). Arid soil bacterial legacies improve drought resilience of the keystone grass, Themeda triandra. Molecular Ecology, 34:18. https://www.researchgate.net/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/394532948_Arid_Soil_Bacterial_Legacies_Improve_Drought_Resilience_of_the_Keystone_Grass_Themeda_triandra

Hopper SD (2009) OCBIL theory: towards an integrated understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biodiversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes. Plant and Soil, 322:49-86. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225124468 Accessed 08/10/2026

IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services) (2026) Summary for policymakers of the methodological assessment report on the impact and dependence of business on biodiversity and nature’s contributions to people. IPBES Secretariat, Bonn, Germany. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15369060

IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) (2020) Global standard for nature-based solutions. A user-friendly frame- work for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2020-020-En.pdf

Johnstone JF, Allen CD, Franklin JF, Frelich LE, Harvey BJ, Higuera PE, Mack MC, Meentemeyer RK, Metz MR, Perry GLW (2016) Changing disturbance regimes, ecological memory, and forest resilience. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, l4:369-378. https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/fee.1311 

Jones KR, Venter O, Fuller RA, Allan JR, Maxwell SI, Negret PJ, Watson JEM (20l8) One-third of global protected land is under intense human pressure. Science, 360:788-79l. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9565 

Jordan R, Harrison PA, Breed M (2024) The eco-evolutionary risks of not changing seed provenancing practices in changing environments. Ecology Letters, 27:1 e14348. https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14348

Mappin B, Chauvenet ALM, Adams VM, Marco MD, Beyer HL, Venter O, Halpern BS, Possingham HP, Watson JEM (2019) Restoration practices to achieve the global protected area target. Conservation Letters, l2: el2646. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.l2646

McDonald T, Chazdon R, Prach K, Tucker N, Venkataraman R, Graham L Rinaudo T, Shono K, Polster D and Cook D (2023) Using degree of natural regeneration potential to guide selection of plant community restoration approaches at a restoration site. In: Singarayer F, Gibson-Roy P, Broadhurst L and Dixon K (Eds) Ecological Restoration: Moving forward using lessons learned. Springer, pp 241-285.

Peddle SD, Hodgson RJ, Borrett RJ, Brachmann S, Davies TC, Erickson TE, et al. (2025) Practical applications of soil microbiota to improve ecosystem restoration: current knowledge and future directions. Biological Reviews, l00:l-8. https://doi.org/l0.llll/brv.l3l24

Peddle SD, Cando-Dumancela C, Davies TC, Edwards R, Hodgson RJ, Krauss SL, Liddicoat C, Sanders A, Breed MF (2026). Keep it together: soil core translocation improves establishment of donor-like microbial communities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 63:6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/407470358 

Pedrini S, Dixon KW (2020) International principles and standards for native seeds in ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology, 28:S286-S303. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.l3l55

Pedrini S, Gibson-Roy P, Trivedi C, G’alvez-Ramirez C, Hardwick K, Shaw N, Frischie S, Laverack G, Dixon K (2020) Collection and production of native seeds for ecological restoration. Restoration Ecology, 28:S228-S238. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.l3l90

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Robinson JM, Liddicoat C, Miriam Muñoz-Rojas M, Breed MF (2024) Restoring soil biodiversity. Current Biology, 34:9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982224001775

Ruiz-Talonia L, Whalley RDB, Gross C, Carr D, Reid N (2023) Overcoming limitations to propagation from seed of 40 Australian species important for restoration. New Forests, 54:993-l0l2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-022-09953-7

RIAWA (2015) Seed Accreditation Project Australian Seeds—standards for seed harvest, processing and storage. Revegetation Industry Association of Western Australia, Perth. https://www.riawa.com.au/assets/documents/RIAWA-Seed-Standards-V2-250529.pdf 

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Terkes S, Orchard S, Malcolm L, Cochrane P, Fitzsimons J, Glamore W, Hunter B, Maron M, McDonald T, Nicholson E, Pryde E, Ritchie E, Watson J. & Maitz N (2025) The Road to Restoration: Restoring Australia’s Degraded Ecosystems. Australian Committee for IUCN, Sydney. https://www.aciucn.org.au/_files/ugd/f443f7_c7592eea422b4af39f14b31495b61008.pdf

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Urzedo D, Pedrini S, Vieira DLM, Sampaio AB, Souza BDF, Campos-Filho EM, Pina-Rodrigues FCM, Schmidt IB, Junqueira RGP, Dixon K (2022) Indigenous and local communities can boost seed supply in theUN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Ambio, 55:557-568. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01593-z

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Young RE, Gann G, Walder B, Liu J, Cui W, Newton V, Nelson CR, Tashe N, Jasper D, Silveira FA, Carrick PJ, Hägglund T, Carlsén S. and Dixon K (2022) International principles and standards for the ecological restoration and recovery of mine sites. Restoration Ecology, 30: e13771. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13771

Zinnen J, Broadhurst LM, Gibson-Roy P, Jones TA, Matthews JW (202l) Seed production areas are crucial to conservation outcomes: benefits and risks of an emerging restoration tool. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30:l233- l256. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02149-z